Frio - Samui, Tsumetai

Existem duas palavras que significam "frio": "samui (clima ou pessoa sentindo frio)" e "atsui (objetos frios, comidas e bebidas frias)": 

a) Quando falamos sobre um clima/tempo frio ou sobre uma pessoa sentindo frio, devemos usar o adjetivo "samui 寒い (さむい)":

Está frio hoje! → kyou wa samui desu! 今日  は  寒い  です。

Você está com frio? → samui desu ka?  寒い  です  か。

b) Quando falamos sobre objetos frios ou sobre comidas e bebidas frias, devemos usar o adjetivo "tsumetai 冷たい (つめたい)":

salada fria → tsumetai salada 冷たい  サラダ

Quente - Atsui, Atatakai 

Existem duas palavras que significam "quente": "atatakai (calor agradável)" e "atsui (calor desagradável, quente demais)"; o adjetivo "atatakai" é comumente pronunciado "attakai" em linguagem informal.  

O adjetivo "atatakai (calor agradável)" possui dois kanjis:

a) Quando falamos sobre um clima/tempo quente, sobre uma pessoa sentindo calor, devemos usar os seguintes kanjis:

quente (calor agradável) → atatakai 暖かい (あたたかい)

quente (calor desagradável) → atsui 暑い (あつい)

b) Quando falamos sobre objetos quentes ou sobre comidas e bebidas quentes, devemos usar os seguintes kanjis:  

quente (calor agradável) → atatakai 温かい (あたたかい)

quente (calor desagradável) → atsui 熱い (あつい)

Exemplos:

Salada quente (agradavelmente) → atatakai salada 温か  いサラダ

Eu não consigo tomar esta sopa! Ela está quente demais!

su-pu ga atsukute nomenakatta

スープ  が   熱くて   飲めなかった

chá quente (agradavelmente) → atatakai o-cha  温かい  お茶

chá quente (muito quente) → atsui o-cha  熱い  お茶

Este chá (está) muito quente 

Kono o-cha wa atsui この  お茶  は  熱い

A sopa está muito quente, então cuidado!

Suupu atsui kara kiwo tsuketene 

スープ  熱い  から  気を   つけてね。

café quente (muito quente) → atsui koohii  熱い  コーヒー

banho quente (muito quente) → atsui ofuro  熱い  お風呂

Quando (está) frio lá fora, é bom (tomar) uma bebida gelada!

Atsui toki ni, tsumetai dorinku ga ii ne!

暑い   時に、   冷たい   ドリンク  が  いい  ね。

(literalmente: "quente fora em, fria bebida "p.o." bom, não é?)     

Eu quero ir para casa e tomar um banho quente.

Ie ni kaette atsui ofuro ni hairitai.

家に   帰って  熱い  お風呂  に   入りたい。

(literalmente: "casa para retornando, frio banho para entrar-querer)

Maggie, o seu corpo está queimando! Talvez você esteja com febre!

Maggie, karada ga atsui yo! Netsu ga arunjanai!

マギー      体     が   熱い  よ。  熱    が  あるん  じゃない？

(literalmente: "Maggie, corpo p.o. quente!", "febre p.o.

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Ex. 熱い議論

= atsui giron

= a hot discussion

Ex. 熱い友情

= Atsui yuujou

= Strong ties of friendship

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Ex. あの二人はお熱い仲だ。

=Ano futari wa oatsui naka da.

= Those two are really in love.

Ex. あの先生はとても熱い。

= Ano sensei wa totemo atsui.

= That teacher is very passionate/ enthusiastic

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 In modern Japanese 熱い(= atsui) is often used to describe personalities.

It comes from the word 熱心 (= nesshinn) = zealous, earnest

Ex. 熱い奴(= atsui yatsu ): 奴(= yatsu) is a derogatory term used to refer to a guy, but it is also a very casual way to call to a guy in a friendly manner.

So “熱い奴” (= atsuiyatsu)  refers to a guy who is very enthusiastic, energetic, zealous, someone who goes after one’s goal without any hesitation, or believes in one’s dream and tries to make it come true.

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If you say “He is hot!” in English it means sexually attractive. But  in Japanese,

Ex. 彼は熱い。= Kare wa atsui. = He is very enthusiastic (energetic, passionate.)

 暑い(= atsui) is  used when you talk about climate.

Ex. 暑い夏= atsui natsu = hot summer

Ex. 昨年の夏は異常な位、暑かった。

= Sakunen no natsu wa ijou na gurai atsukatta.

= It was abnormally hot last summer.

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Ex. 昨日は暑くて寝られなかった。

= Kinou wa atsukute nerarenakatta.

= I couldn’t sleep last night because it was too hot.

  暖かい (=atatakai)  VS  温かい(=atatakai )

They both mean “warm”

 暖かい(=atatakai) is used for climate, air or the temperature or something that you feel with your whole body.

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Ex. 暖かい部屋

= Atatakai heya

= A warm room

Ex. 暖かい春の一日

= Atatakai haru no ichinichi

= A warm spring day

Ex. 日増しに暖かくなってきましたね。

=Himashi ni atatakaku natte kimashitane.

= It is getting warmer and warmer everyday.

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Ex.暖かい毛布

= Atatakai moufu

= warm blanket

Ex.暖かい空気

= Atatakai kuuki

= warm air

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The transitive verb is 暖める(= atatameru) = to warm, to heat up something and intransitive verb is 暖まる(= atatamaru)

Ex.部屋を暖める

= Heya wo atatameru

= to warm up the room

Ex. ストーブのそばで暖まる

= Sutoubu no soba de atamaru

= to warm up oneself  by the heater

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If you touch something and it feels warm, you use 温かい= atatakai. Also for body, food, feelings, we use 温かい(= atatakai)

温かい(= atatakai) is used when you feel with a part of your body.

Ex. 温かい食事

= atatakai shokuji

=warm meal

Ex.寒いから何か温かいものを食べようか？

=Samui kara nanika atatakai mono wo tabeyou ka?

=It’s cold so why don’t we eat something warm?

Ex.温かいコーヒー

= Atatakai koohii

= Hot coffee

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: 熱い(=atsui) VS 温かい(=atatakai)

Now some of you might have wondered what the difference between 温かいコーヒー(=atatakai koohii) and 熱いコーヒー(=atsui koohii) because both translations are “hot coffee”. Usually when we say 熱い(=atsui), it is simply “hot” temperature-wise and 温かい(=atatakai) implies “comfortably hot” which you feel with your heart.

So if someone says

「このコーヒー熱い！」

= Kono koohii atsui!

The person is complaining that the coffee is too hot,  ”This coffee is burning hot!”

But if they say

「このコーヒー温かい！」

= Kono koohii atatakai!

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It means “I like this coffee. It’s nice and hot” and we can tell they are very happy with that coffee.

But if you expect something is supposed to be “hot” we use 熱い= atsui

（Ex.　熱いお茶が飲みたい！= Atsui ocha ga nomitai = I want a hot tea!)

Ex. 温かいお飲み物は如何ですか？

= Atatakai ononimono wa ikaga desu ka?

= Would like some warm drink?

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Also we can use 温かい(=atatakai) for intangible things when we feel warm in our hearts.

Note: The transitive verb is 温める(= atatameru) = to warm (up), to heat up something and intransitive verb is温まる(= atatamaru)

Ex.温かい家庭

= Atatakai katei

= warm family

Ex. 温かい人

= atatakai hito

= A warm person

Ex. 心温まる話

=Kokoro atatamaru hanashi

= heart warming story

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 ) When we talk about “heart” or “feelings”it is said not to use 暖かい(=atatakai)  but actuallyI found 暖かい心(=atatakaikokoro) in a Japanese dictionary and  you will get a lot of hits with 暖かい心(=atatakai kokoro) if you do a search on the net. That proves, even many Japanese people don’t know which one to use. Yet, basically when you feel warm in your heart, we are supposed to use 温かい= atatakai)

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2) 温い(= nurui) can be read“ぬるい“ (=nurui) it means lukewarm, tepid.  Since it is confusing to write it in  kanji, it

isoftenwritten in hiranaga.

Ex. コーヒーがぬるくなる。

= Koohii ga nurukunaru.

= My coffee gets lukewarm

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Special cases :

 懐が暖かい

= futokoro ga atatakai

= to have a fat purse

懐(=futokoro) is the inside breast pocket but it also refers one’s financial situation at that time.

So when you say

Ex. 今日は懐が暖かい

= Kyou wa futokoro ga atatakai.

It means to have plenty of money today.

 opposite : 懐が寒い(= futokoro ga samui )or 懐が寂しい(= futokoro ga samishii)

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暖かい色 = atatakai iro = warm color(s) (or 暖色=danshoku)

When you refer to colors, you use 暖かい(= atatakai)

温暖= ondan = warmth

When we combine 温 and 暖, it will be 温暖(=ondan) and it used to describe mild warm climate.

Ex.ハワイは一年を通じて温暖だ。

=Hawaii wa ichinen wo tsuujite  ondan da.

= The climate in Hawaii is mildly warm all through the year.

Ex.温暖化現象

＝ondanka genshou

= Green house effect

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あったかい(= attakai ) a casual way to say 暖かい+温かい→あたたかい(= atatakai)

Ex.　今日はあったかいね。

= Kyou wa attakai ne!

= It’s warm today, isn’t it?

Ex .マギー、あったかい！

= Maggie  attakai!

= You are warm, Maggie!

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 マギー先生より = Maggie sensei yori =From Maggie Sensei

私は、”熱い”先生？それとも “温かい”先生？

=  Watashi wa”atsui” sensei? Soretomo “atatakai” sensei?

=Am I a “passionate (energetic)” teacher or a “warm” teacher?

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